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' J.W. MGKNIGHT.

CEMENT AND CONCRETE PAVEMENT.

. Patented J`an.30,1883.

UNITED 'STATE l zw, 5.92

PATENT OFFICE'.

CEMENT AND coNcRETE PAVEMENT.

SPECIFICATION forming pm of'Lettei-ii raient No. 271,582, dated .Ianw'y 30,1883. Application tiled January 4, 1883. (No model.)

To all lwhom. it may concern Be it known that I, JOHN WEsTLnY Mc- KNIGH'L a citizen of the United States, residing at Washington, in the District of Coluin- Sbia, have invented new and useful Improvements iii the Construction of' Paveinents, of which the following, when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, forms a full, clear, und exact description.

Figure 1 is la. sectional view of my improved pavement. Fig. 2 is a sectional view of a modiiied forni 'of pavement. Fig. 3 is a bottomA .view of Fig. 2. Fig. 4 is a sectional view, in

chaiige's without doing violence Ytoa very -extended portion of the pavement. The great objections toceineiit or concrete pavements which are laid in a continuous mass is that they are liable to crack and be broken up by the expansion and contraction incident to the thermal changes and by upheavals from frost.

- Matty attempts have been made to obviate the of the earth beneath the pavement.

racking and breaking up of cement and concrete pavements. They have been laid in a mass or in a continuous'sheet and the surface divided into sections or blocks by partially cutting through the upper or wearing surface by means of a suitable tool, so that the pave.

ment will be weaker at these points of severance and will more readily yieldto the upward pressure exerted by the freezing and thawing l Cement and other pavements have been laid in sections with tarred paper and other analogous material interposed between the joints, so as to admit of the ready separation of the blocks when subjected to the pressure heretofore referred to; but such methods of construction are objectionable, for the reason that the cavities or spaces left between the blocks, however small they may be, will admit water and dampness to the sub-bed, and thus furnish the produce a pavement which will be more durai ble and more readilyrcpaired than those heretofore constructed; and to accomplish this end my invention consists in dividing the sub-bed into sections by means of bars made of metal, pressed or rolled paper or straw pulp, or other suitable inateriahsaid bars bein g placed a short distance. below the upper or wearing surface of the pavement and extending down to or nearly to the bottom of the sub-bed.

A My invention consists, thriller, in "certain other details of 'constructiom which will be fully described, and pointed ont in the claims.

Referring to the drawings, A designates the subbed or foundation-layer of the pavement, and is composed of broken stone, furnacescreenings, coal-einden, broken brick, or other similar hard material, rammed down, and cemented with .a composition liereitiafter more fully described. Ido not limit myself, however, to a fonndaticudayer rof -broken stone,

ciiiders, and cement, such as hereinafter described, as any good foundation-such as a groutingof ordi nary cement-'and stone. may be used to good iid vantag 1. This foundation may be laid oii a sinooth,Well-prepared bed of earth, as shown in Figs. 1 and 4; or the earth may be hollowed out to form pockets for the reception of base A, as shown in Fig.2; or it may be laid on the ordinary arches of brick or other material, as shown in Eig. 5.

B B are bars of metal, straw or paper-pulp, or other suitable material, which may be of plain form or be made angle, T, or shape. These bars may be wide enough to extend partly or entirely through the foundation-layer A, and are placed in position darin g the process of putting down the layer A, or after it is laid in position. I lay this improved pavement in alternate sections, after having-made my foundation, as liereinbefore described. A second layer, C, of gravel or smaller broken stone, is then pnt down and well tamped between the bars hereiubefore described. This layer C is also cemented, so as to make this layer practically solid and impervious to moisture.

D is the top layeror wearing-surface, which 2 y, I l 211,59.:

' consists of hydraulic or other cement mixed l of soda, one gallon;`cement or lime-water, sixwith small particles of crushed or broken granite or other hard stone or iron slag and filings in a finely-divided state. This top course is by 5 preference laid so as to cover up the ba-rs or strips, as shown in left hand of Fig. 1.

The bars or strips serve a double'- purpose:

first, they strengthen and give to the pave:

ment a certain amount of rigidity, which is A to essential in much-traveled thoroughfares; second, they divide the pavement into cellslor compartments partly, if not entirely, through the entire thickness of the pavement, so that in case of upheavals by frost the line. of fracr 5 ture will be confined to the spaces between the bars and be prevented from running,r in an angular direction.' Y

When fractures occur in a pavement laid according to my plan it is a very easy matter to zo repair the same, for all joints made by these bars unite, instead ot' being* broken, and by close observation it will he seen that the fractures in cement pavements where the joint is broken occur -at that point and crack the 2 5 slab irregularly across from vthe same. 'Conf seq uently, should repairing become necessary, excavate the material between the hars or .strips and put in new material without disturbiug the balance of the pavement, which 3o makes the expense of repairing my pavement very triing.

1n laying a pavement such as the one shownin Fig. '2 the ground is excavated so as to form pockets, which are preferably square at y, 5 cross-sections, but tapering toward the bottom. Any number of these pockets may be made and filled with broken stone, 8vo., or grouting,'in the same manner asin Fig. 1,the bars or strips being or not at the points ot union 4o between the pockets. The intermediate layer and vrearin g or surface course are now applied in themanner heretofore described.'

A pavement thus constructed will be strong.

action is confined within comparatively nar-r row limits.

5o The composition which forms a solution -which I use in my foundatonand surface, as

well as adding more strength and tenacity to the hydraulic cement, is composed of silicate K12" A composition for binding broken stone,

teen. gallons; native carbonate of magnesia, 55 three pounds, moreorless; chlorldemagnesium,

` suiicieut quantity; ammonia-ferric alum, onefourth pound; snlphu'ric acid, sucient quantity; soft soap and glyoerine,one pintg, oxide of iron and durcsco in solution,sucient quantity. This solution will also prevent all eftlorescence in this artificial stone, o f whatever kind, and will, form a cement that will unite all the faces of thc stone ,together and make a compact mass.

Having, thus described my inventiomwhat I claim, and desire t secure by Letters Patent,

1.A Acement or concrete pavement or side-A walk having embedded therein bars or strips made of metal, pulp, (straw or paper,) as described, which -separates the pavement into compartments, and alsogserves as a guide for controlling the linesof fracture incident to the action of thermal changes, as set forth.

2. Apavement or sidewalk consisting of the bottom course, A, intermediate course, C, and

, top course, D, combined with the bars B,'ma'de from metal orpnlp, embedded in the several layers or courses,- as set forth. 8o

3. A' cement or concrete pavement or side- "walk the bottom courses or sub-bed of which-` is composed of inverted arches or cones, which support the wearing or top course, as set forth.

4. A' cement or` concrete-pavement or side- 85 walk the bottom` course or sub-bed of which is composed` of a series of `inverted arches or cones, in combination with the top course, D, and; metallic or other bars and strips, as set forth.

15. A cement or concrete pavement or sidewalk laid on brick o r other arches, constructed with bars or strips on top of arches, Aas described and herein set forth.

sand, and cement in the .manufacture of artificial stonev or,concrete pavements, consisting of silicate of lsoda, cement or lime-water, native carbonate of magnesia, chloride magnesium, ammonia-ferrie alum, sulphuric acid, co soft soap and glycerine, solution ot' oxide of g iron, and duresco.' -J

JOHN WESTLEY MCKNIGHT. itnessesz j l' T. C. Buscar, LLovD F. KELEIIER. 

